Istradefylline for Restless Legs Syndrome Associated with Parkinson’s Disease

* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: [email protected] Editor: Elan D. Louis, Yale University, USA Received: October 16, 2017 Accepted: December 14, 2017 Published: January 8, 2018 Copyright: ’ 2018 Nuermaimaiti et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution–Noncommercial–No Derivatives License, which permits the user to copy, distribute, and transmit the work provided that the original authors and source are credited; that no commercial use is made of the work; and that the work is not altered or transformed. Funding: None. Financial Disclosures: Dr. Oyama is funded by Grants from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; Grant-in-Aid for Young Scientists (B), and Novartis Pharma. Dr. Oyama has received speaker honoraria from Medtronic, Boston Scientific, Novartis Pharma, MSD, Nihon Medi-Physics, Otsuka Pharmaceutical, and Kyowa Hakko Kirin, and Abbvie. Dr. Hattori is funded by the Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED), the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B), Ministry of Education Culture, Sports, Science and Technology Japan (Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas), Health and Labour Sciences Research Grants (Research on Measures for Intractable Diseases), the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science and Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd.; Consultancies: Hisamitsu Pharmaceutical, Dai-Nippon Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd; Expert Testimony: Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.; Advisory Boards: Otsuka Pharmaceutical, Co., Ltd., Novartis Pharma K.K, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.; Donation: Astellas Pharma Inc., Eisai Co., Ltd., MSD K.K., Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Novartis Pharma K.K, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Nihon Medi-physics Co., Ltd., Dai-Nippon Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Pfizer Japan Inc., Bayer Yakuhin, Ltd.; Honoraria: GlaxoSmithKline K.K, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim, Co., Ltd., FP Pharmaceutical Corporation, Dai-Nippon Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Eisai Co., Ltd., Kissei Pharmaceutical Company, NihonMedi-physics Co., Ltd., Kyowa Hakko-Kirin Co., Ltd., Novartis Pharma K.K, Biogen, Acorda Therapeutics, Inc.; Donation for the endowed research departments: GlaxoSmithKline K.K, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim, Co., Ltd., Dai-Nippon Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Eisai Co., Ltd., Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Janssen Pharmaceutical K.K, Nihon Medi-physics Co., Ltd., Kyowa Hakko-Kirin Co., Ltd., Medtronic Inc., Novartis Pharma K.K, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Co., Zaiho Co., Hydrogen Health Medical Labo Co., ABIST Co., Ltd., Melodian Co., Ltd., Daiwa Co., Ltd., Biogen Idec Japan Ltd., Bayer Yakuhin, Ltd., Nihon Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Asahi Kasei Medical Co., Ltd., MiZ Co., Ltd. Conflicts of interest: The authors report no conflicts of interest. Ethics Statement: This study was reviewed by the authors’ institutional ethics committee and was considered exempted from further review.